Sắt và thép khác nhau như thế nào?

 

Sắt và thép là vật liệu không thể thiếu trong xây dựng hiện đại. Vậy giữa sắt và thép khác nhau ở điểm nào? Sắt và thép dùng trong trường hợp nào?

Các loại thép


Sắt và thép về cơ bản là những thứ giống nhau, phải không? Sai rồi! Nếu bạn là thợ cơ khí, kỹ sư xây dựng thì có một sự khác biệt lớn giữa hai vật liệu.

Sự khác biệt cơ bản giữa sắt và thép.

Khác biệt lớn nhất có thể thấy được ở sắt và thép là: trong khi sắt và một yếu tố tự nhiên thì thép là hợp chất. Có thể tìm thấy các quặng sắt trong các tảng đá. Sau đó đem những quặng sắt này đi nung chảy sẽ tạo thành sắt nguyên chất. Bạn có thể sử dụng máy móc để tạo những thỏi sắt này thành nhiều nguyên liệu khác nhau.
Thép là một hợp kim được tạo thành từ nhiều thành phần khác nhau. Chủ yếu là sắt và cacbon. Tùy thuộc vào các loại thép muốn tạo ra mà tỉ lệ để pha trộn sẽ khác nhau. Mỗi loại sẽ có thuộc tính khác nhau, để sử dụng với các mục đích khác nhau.
Ví dụ như nếu bạn trộn thép với crom thì sẽ có được thép không gỉ và bền hơn các loại khác.
Trong các công trình ngày nay, thép được sử dụng rộng dãi hơn so với sắt vì nó mạnh hơn và tốt hơn cho sức nén và sức căng. Các vật dụng trong gia đình trước đây chủ yếu được làm bằng gang và sắt, nhưng sau cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp nó đã dần bị thay thế bởi các vật dụng được làm bằng thép.
Nếu một hợp kim sắt có chứa 2% cacrbon thì vẫn có thể được gọi là thép. Và nếu trên 2% carbon thì sẽ được gọi là gang.

thép xây dựng


Sự khác nhau giữa Sắt và thép về tính chất

Nếu chỉ nhìn vào bề ngoài của sản phẩm, người bình sẽ rất khó đẻ phân biệt đâu là sắt đâu là thép. so với tính chất vật lý và tính chất hóa học thì sự khác nhau giữa sắt và thép rất rõ ràng

Độ cứng

Thép có thể hoàn toàn thay thế sắt trong các công trình xây dựng nhà cửa, chung cư, đường sắt và nhiều công trinh khác. Thép thường nhẹ hơn sắt. Khả năng uốn cong, biến dạng và vênh theo thời gian của sắt là lớn hơn.
Gang là một nguyên liệu có độ giòn cao, do đó không thích hợp trong việc xây dựng các tòa nhà hay các ứng dụng khác. Bên cạnh đó gang cũng rất khó để tạo thành các dây mảnh mà không mất đi đọ dẻo dai. Ngày nay, gang chủ yếu được sử dụng để tạo thành công cụ nấu ăn và một vài công cụ liên quan.

Tính ăn mòn.

Ăn mòn là một quá trình oxy hóa khi để các vật liệu này ngoài môi trường. Sự oxy hóa làm cho kim loại bị gỉ, ăn mòn và chuyển sang màu cam. Đây là một tính chất vật lý cho thấy rõ sự khác nhau giữa sắt và thép.
Cả sắt và thép đều không tránh khỏi sự ăn mòn của môi trường. Tuy nhiên, khả năng ăn mòn của thép ít hơn và nó ít xốp hơn. Cụ thể, người ta đã chế tạo ra loại thép không gỉ để tránh các nguyên vật liệu gặp phải hiện tượng này. Ngoài ra, trong quá trình sử dụng người ta còn sơn một lớp phủ bề mặt ngoài của sắt và thép để chống lại sự oxy hóa.

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